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Family
CHAOBORIDAE
Members of the family Chaoboridae are
mosquito-like, nonbiting nematoceran flies. Extant taxa are found worldwide
where the larvae are chiefly lacustrine in habit. Larvae of most all species
are predaceous and can occur in large planktonic swarms.
Some chaoborids are found frequently in
some fossil formations. Species of the genus Chironomaptera
Ping (especially gregaria
Grabau) are characteristic enough of certain fossil beds and geological
horizons that they are used by paleontologists to date certain formations in
Siberia, Mongolia, and China.
The oldest known fossils of the family
are from the Middle Jurassic deposits of Siberia. Cretaceous chaoborids are
known from both compression and amber deposits, but only compression fossils
have been described and named (Kalugina, 1986). Whalley (1981) recorded the
family from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon, Zherichin & Sukacheva
(1973) recorded chaoborids from Cretaceous Siberian amber, and Poinar (1992)
recorded the family from the Oligocene/Miocene amber of the Dominican Republic.
In addition to these records, Wagner (1990) mentioned that possible larvae and
pupae of this family have been found in deposits of unspecified age in northern
Germany, Coram & Jepson (2012)
recorded an undetermined specimen from the Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Formation
in England, and Johnston & Borkent (1998) recorded the pupa of an
undetermined species of Chaoborus from the Miocene deposits of Mississippi.
Borkent (1993: 7) stated that the specimen
recorded from the Cretaceous Santana Formation in Brazil by Grimaldi (1990) and
Maisey (1991) as "Mesotendipedidae" [=
Chironomapterinae] is actually a chironomid and not a chaoborid.
Worthy of further review is the claim by Saether
(1992) that the fossil genus Chironomaptera is
synonymous with Chaoborus. The genera Dixamima and Rhaetomyia
(formerly in Dixamimidae and Rhaetomyiidae,
respectively in the original 1994 catalog version) are included in Chaoboridae
here.
Ref.: Borkent (1993, world catalog).
Genus ASTROCORETHRA
Kalugina
ASTROCORETHRA Kalugina, 1986: 117. Type species: Astrocorethra mjangadica
Kalugina, 1986, by original designation.
gurvanica Kalugina, 1986: 118. PA: Mongolia (Upper
Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) [C].
khukhmortica Kalugina, 1986: 119. PA: Mongolia (Lower
Cretaceous) [C].
mjangadica Kalugina, 1986: 118. PA: Mongolia (Lower
Cretaceous) [C].
mjangatica.
Incorrect original spelling of mjangadica (Sinitsa, 1986: 33, 34).
Genus BALEIOMYIA Kalugina
BALEIOMYIA Kalugina, 1993: 119. Type species: Baleiomyia discussoria
Kalugina, 1993, by original designation.
discussoria
Kalugina, 1993: 120. PA: Russia (Siberia) (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous)
[C].
Genus CHACHOTOSHA
Lukashevich
CHACHOTOSHA Lukashevich, 1996b: 57(553). Type
species: Chachotosha probatus
Lukashevich, 1996, by original designation.
perplexus Lukashevich, 1996b: 58(573). PA:
Mongolia (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) [C].
probatus Lukashevich, 1996b: 57(555). PA:
Mongolia (Upper Jurassic/.Lower Cretaceous) [C].
Genus CHAOBORUS
Lichtenstein
*CHAOBORUS Lichtenstein, 1800:
174. Type species: Chaoborus antisepticus Lichtenstein, 1800 [= Tipula crystallina De Geer, 1776], by
monotypy.
*CORETHRA
Meigen, 1803: 260. Type species: Tipula
culiciformis De Geer, 1776 [misidentification & preoccupied, = Tipula crystallina
De Geer, 1776], by monotypy.
CULICITES Heyden, 1862: 79. Type species Culicites tertiarius Heyden, 1862, by monotypy.
ciliatus Meunier, 1904b: 89 (Corethra). PA: Baltic Region (Eocene/Oligocene) [A].
rarus
Seredszus & Wichard in Wichard et al., 2009: 184. PA: Baltic Region
(Eocene) [A].
tertiarius Heyden, 1862: 79 (Culicites). PA: Germany
(Oligocene) [C].
Unidentified sp. - OR: Burma (Upper
Cretaceous) [A] (Edwards, 1923: 152).
Unidentified sp. - NE: USA (Mississippi)
(Eocene) [C] (Johnston & Borkent, 1998: 491).
Genus CHAOBURMUS
Lukashevich
CHAOBURMUS Lukashevich, 2000: 48. Type species: Chaoburmus breviusculus
Lukashevich, 2000, by original designation.
amphilogos
Lukashevich, 2011: 29(624). PA: Mongolia (Upper Jurassic) [C].
breviusculus Lukashevich, 2000: 49. OR: Burma (Upper
Cretaceous) [A].
victimaartis Lukashevich, 2000: 50. OR: Burma (Upper
Cretaceous) [A].
Genus CHIRONOMAPTERA
Ping
CHIRONOMAPTERA Ping, 1928: 33. Type species: Samarura gregaria
Grabau, 1923, by original designation.
PETIOLATENDIPES Lin, 1980: 228. Type species: Petiolatendipes shouchangensis
Lin, 1980 [= Chironomaptera vesca
Kalugina, 1980], by original designation.
MESOTENDIPES Hong, 1982: 161 (unjustified replacement
name for Chironomaptera Ping). Type species: Samarura
gregaria Grabau, 1923, automatic.
bucucunica Kalugina in Kalugina & Kovalev, 1985: 70. Russia (Siberia) (Middle
Jurassic) [C].
collessi Jell & Duncan, 1986: 172. AU:
Australia (Lower Cretaceous) [C].
gobiensis Cockerell, 1924c: 142 (Chironomopsis).
PA: Mongolia (Lower Cretaceous) [C].
gregaria Grabau, 1923: 178 (Samarura). PA:
China (Upper Jurassic) [C]; PA: Mongolia (Upper Jurassic) [C], PA: Russia (Siberia)
(Upper Jurassic) [C].
melanura Ping, 1928: 35. PA: China (Upper
Jurassic) [C].
karabonica
Kalugina, 1993: 124. PA: Russia (Siberia) (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous)
[C].
scobloi Kalugina in Kalugina & Kovalev, 1985: 67. PA: Russia (Siberia) (Middle
Jurassic) [C].
vesca Kalugina, 1980a: 62. PA: Mongolia (Upper
Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) [C]; PA: China (Upper Jurassic) [C].
shouchangensis
Lin, 1980: 228 (Petiolatendipes). PA: China
(Upper Jurassic) [C].
Unidentified sp. - PA: Russia (Siberia)
(Upper Cretaceous) [A] (Zherichin, 1978: 82).
Unidentified sp. - PA: China (Lower Cretaceous)
[C] (Hong, 1995: 11).
Genus DIXAMIMA
Rohdendorf
DIXAMIMA
Rohdendorf, 1951: 58, 59 (1959a: 108) [1962: 314 (1991: 456)]. Nomen nudum.
DIXAMIMA Rohdendorf, 1964: 208. Type species: Dixamima
villosa Rohdendorf, 1951, by monotypy.
[See Sabrosky (1999) for explanation on the
status of unavailability and availability of various proposals of the
genus-group name. The species-group name is available from Rohdendorf (1951).]
villosa Rohdendorf, 1951: 58, 59 [1959a: 108; 1962: 315; 1991: 456].
PA: Kazakhstan (Upper Jurassic) [C].
Genus EOCHAOBORITES Hong
EOCHAOBORITES Hong, 2002a: 157. [Unavailable name;
genus-group name based on an unavailable species-group name.]
xui
Hong, 2002a: 157. [Unavailable name; species-group name proposed after 1999
without specified type depository.]
Genus GEDANOBORUS Szadziewski & Gilka
GEDANOBORUS Szadziewski & Giłka,
2007: 194. Type species: Gedanoborus kerneggeri
Szadziewski & Giłka, by original designation.
kerneggeri
Szadziewski & Giłka, 2007: 194. PA: Baltic Region
(Eocene) [A].
resinatus
Szadziewski & Wichard, 2009: 190. PA: Baltic Region (Eocene) [A].
Genus HELOKRENIA
Kalugina
HELOKRENIA Kalugina in Kalugina &
Kovalev, 1985: 80. Type species: Helkrenia
nana Kalugina, 1985, by original designation.
nana Kalugina in Kalugina & Kovalev, 1985: 80. PA:
Russia (Siberia) (Middle Jurassic) [C].
Genus HYPSOCORETHRA
Kalugina
HYPSOCORETHRA Kalugina in Kalugina & Kovalev,
1985: 74. Type species: Hypsocorethra toficola Kalugina, 1985, by original designation.
jurassica Kalugina in Kalugina & Kovalev, 1985: 78. PA: Russia (Siberia)
(Middle/Upper Jurassic) [C].
toficola Kalugina in Kalugina & Kovalev, 1985: 75. PA: Russia (Siberia) (Middle
Jurassic) [C].
tufficola.
Incorrect original spelling of toficola
(Kalugina in Kalugina & Kovalev, 1985: 74).
Genus IYAIYAI
Evenhuis
TRICHIA Hong, 1981: 28. Type species: Trichia gracilis Hong,
1981, by original designation. [Preoccupied by Hoffman, 1790.]
IYAIYAI Evenhuis, 1994: 227 (new replacement name for Trichia
Hong). Type species: Trichia gracilis Hong, 1981, automatic.
TRISHIA. Incorrect original spelling of Trichia (Hong, 1981:
30).
FUSHUNOTRICHIA Hong, 2002a: 160 (unnecessary new
replacement name for Iyaiyai Evenhuis,
1994). Type species: Trichia gracilis Hong, 1981, automatic.
gracilis Hong, 1981: 28 (Trichia). PA: China (Eocene) [A].
Genus LIBANOBORUS Azar, Waller & Nel
LIBANOBORUS Azar, Waller & Nel, 2009: 29. Type
species: Libanoborus lukashevichae Azar, Waller & Nel,
2009, by original designation.
lukashevichae Azar, Waller, & Nel, 2009: 30. PA:
Lebanon (Lower Cretaceous) [A].
lukashevichi.
Incorrect original spelling of lukashevichae
(Azar, Waller, & Nel, 2009).
Genus MESOCHAOBORUS
Zhang, Zhang, Liu & Shangguan
MESOCHAOBORUS Zhang et al., 1986: 19. Type species:
Leptoplecia zhangshanyingensis Hong, 1984, by original designation.
pallens Zhang et al., 1986: 23. PA: China (Upper Jurassic)
[C].
zhangshanyingensis Hong, 1984b: 177 (Leptoplecia).
PA: China (Upper Jurassic) [C].
Genus MESOCORETHRA Kalugina
MESOCORETHRA Kalugina, 1993: 121. Type species: Mesocorethra levis Kalugina, 1993, by
original designation.
cincta Lukashevich, 2011: 30(625). PA: Mongolia
(Upper Jurassic) [C].
levis Kalugina, 1993: 122. PA: Russia
(Siberia) (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) [C].
Genus MOCHLONYX
Loew
*MOCHLONYX Loew, 1844: 121. Type
species Corethra velutina Ruthe, 1831, by monotypy.
atavus Loew, 1861: 93 (1864: 315). Nomen
nudum.
secundus Seredszus & Wichard in Wichard et al., 2009: 187. PA: Baltic Region (Eocene) [A].
sepultus Meunier, 1902c: 199. PA: Baltic Region
(Eocene/Oligocene) [A].
sepultus Loew, 1844: 121. Nomen nudum.
Genus PALEOMOCHLONYX Seredszus & Wichard
PALEOMOCHLONYX Seredszus & Wichard in Wichard et al., 2009: 193. Type species: Palaeomochlonyx aestimabilis Seredszus
& Wichard, 2009, by original designation.
aestimabilis Seredszus & Wichard, 2009: 193. PA:
Baltic Region (Eocene) [A].
Genus PRAECHAOBORUS
Kalugina
PRAECHAOBORUS Kalugina in Kalugina &
Kovalev, 1985: 70. Type species: Praechaoborus
tugnuicus Kalugina, 1985, by original
designation.
tugnuicus Kalugina in Kalugina &
Kovalev, 1985: 71. PA: Russia (Siberia) (Middle/Upper Jurassic) [C].
udaensis Kalugina in Kalugina &
Kovalev, 1985: 73. PA: Russia (Siberia) (Middle Jurassic) [C].
Genus RHAETOMYIA
Rohdendorf
RHAETOMYIA Rohdendorf, 1962: 318 (1991: 462). Type
species: Rhaetomyia necopinata Rohdendorf,
1962, by original designation.
herrigi
Ansorge, 1996a: 83. PA: Germany (Lower Jurassic) [C].
necopinata Rohdendorf, 1962: 318 (1991: 462). PA:
Kirghizistan (Lower Jurassic) [C].
?Unidentified sp. - PA: Russia (Siberia)
(Middle Jurassic) [C] (Kalugina & Kovalev, 1985: 12).
Genus TAIMYBORUS
Lukashevich
TAIMYBORUS Lukashevich, 1999: 59(58). Type species:
Taimyborus aequiarticulatus
Lukashevich, 1999, by original designation.
aequiarticulatus Lukashevich, 1999: 59(58). PA: Russia
(Siberia) (Upper Cretaceous) [A].
Unplaced
Species of CHAOBORIDAE
argillaceus Kalugina in Kalugina & Kovalev,
1985: 81 ("Chaoborites"). PA: Russia
(Siberia) (Middle Jurassic) [C].
exita Scudder, 1877a: 744 (Corethra).
NE: USA (Eocene) [C].